Has Our Political System Succeeded Essay Example for Free

Has Our Political System Succeeded EssayThe political schema began with the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson on July 4, 1776. After that document the Articles of Confederation came out, which were adopted in 1777. The Articles of Confederation was the first attempt to set up a g everywherenment in the US. Then our organisation came out in 1787,it was made into three plans the Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, and then the Connecticut compromise. Four things our Constitution accomplished were indirect democracy, limited goernment, checks and majority rule, and an dodging of what the different branches of government do. The US two main parties are Republican and Democrat. The Democratic Party was founded in 1828, and the Republican party was founded in 1854. Our political system has succeeded in many forms. One form would be our checks and balances within the federal government and on a local level. Provisions have been improved over the years to regulate pr oper placement of funds and equal rights to citizens. The origin of our political system begins with congress. The main responsibilities of congress are do laws, overseeing the FBI and CIA, casework, representing their districts, setting an agenda, and betrothal resolution.Our society has relied upon a bicameral system, where there have been a House of Representatives and a Senate. Some of the responsibilities of the House of Representatives include reviewing bills and beginning the impeachment process. The Senates duties include giving advice and react on treaties, conducting impeachment trials, and appointing upper-level judicial officers. Where I feel our political system has not done so well is with bureaucrats. Bureaucracy has some positive aspects deal specialization, making sure rules and regulations are carried out, and neutrality. There are two types of bureaucrats.The first one is a civil servant who is hired based on merit, and the spot one is a political appointee w ho is selected based on whom they know. It is a common issue that bureaucrats are given too much power and that they iniquity those powers, which causes flaws in our political system. It does, however, seem that bureaucrats are vital for the functioning of any political system they are generally not well liked, though. Several attempts to elucidate bureaucracy have been made, such as the Sunshine laws, which are laws that dictated that agencies have to be conducted in the public eye.Privatization is another reform where the government turns over more jobs to private sectors. A good change for our society was when the Government Performance and Results Act of 1997 were introduced. This sought to improve governmental efficiency by making agencies describe their goals and create mechanisms for evaluating their goals. Overall, our political system has proven to be stable and has succeeded. Of course, there are going to be positive and negative aspects, but, at the end, for what our p rovince has had to deal with in the past 228 years, we have done far better than any other country.

The Unorganised Sector Issues And Concerns Essay Example for Free

The Un nonionic Sector Issues And Concerns EssayProblems of DefinitionThe bulk of the Indian poke crash is use in what is loosely referred to as un make welkin. Most of them argon neither organize nor hive any access to social security. Their workout is unprotected, their issue ar extremely impression, and a large section of them live under conditions below the poverty line. The developmental efforts by the state have d angiotensin-converting enzyme weeny to improve their hold coalitions. This is a matter of concern non only for the raft sodalitys but also for every rational person in this field. delimitate the term un set up bea is a difficult task indeed. Apart from the conceptual difficulties, the definition also depends on who is defining it and for what purpose. There argon broadly three different usages of the term. Firstly, the government plan documents m-id demographic surveys extensively use the term. According to this usage, the unstructured heaven s is defined rather negatively, is comprising of the restriction force that go outside the nonionised sphere of influence.The organised domain is defined is the one covering labour force employed in all the enterprises in the public sector and only the non-agricultural establishments in the private sector employing 10 or more workers The criterion of 10 is derived from the Factories Act, which covers all the establishments employing 10 or more people. This definition though indicative of the structure of enjoyment fails to qualify each sector, and therefore leaves many questions unanswered. It nonetheless serves the purpose of government planning and projections. Given the fact that unorganised sector accounts for more than 90% of the labour force in the country, the inadequacies of this definition as reflected in the statistical data, appear to be marginal, even though in existing ground the numbers may be very lofty. some other governmental source, which defines the uno rganised sector, again for statistical and administrative purposes, is that of the Central Statistical Organisation.According to this definition, the unorganised sector includes all those unincorporated enterprises andhousehold industries (other than the organised ones) which be not regulated by any legislation and which do not maintain yearly accounts or balance sheets. This definition also serves the limited administrative purposes, and does not qualify the sector. In any case, both the above definitions argon based on the existing legal framework, whether concerning labour or business establishments, and are therefore liable to change with every change in legislation. Therefore, these definitions are hardly equal tools for social analysis. The second source of definition of the term unorganised sector is literature in the economics discipline. Economists have tried to define this sector in terms of the organisation of capital, temper of products, technologies used (traditional or modern), the markets served (local anesthetic or general) or the consumers of the products (rich or poor)The thesis has been that the unorganised sector is characterised by low technology that it caters to local markets and to consumers who come from the lower segment of the society. There are many difficulties with this definition too. Bannerji argues that attempts at clearly delineating the character of the unorganised sector have not been winning because such(prenominal) clear-cut demarcation is not universally valid. The exact combination of activities that actually exist in any one region at a given time, seem to be an outcome of the interaction of various factors such as complexity of the economy, the actual extent and statistical distribution of control of investment resources and the technical choices available to that economy. Since the configuration of such factors is just about always specific to each situation, what is true of one country at one time, fails to appl y to another Attempts to contend the two sectors on the basis of products, markets and technologies have a severe limitation, because of the extensive linkages that exist among the sectors, very often the organised sector victorious prefer of the low cost operation in the unorganised sector to manufacture its own products which are for general market.Moreover, bulk of the export goods are manufactured in tile unorganised sector through a systematic decentralisation of the production process and the putting-out system. The third usage of the term unorganised sector is by the trade unions and those concerned with labour. The attempt made by Nirmala Bannerji comes under this category of usage of the term. According to her, the unorganised sector usually consists of productive activities withloosely formed groups bound by diverse types of informal working contracts. It includes a section of the self-employed, wage earners, family producers as also household workers. The significan ce of this definition is that it brings in the nature of work relationship as the main factor that distinguishes organised from the unorganised sector. The unorganised sector consists of productive activities carried out by loosely formed groups which are bound by informal contracts. Even though Bannerjis definition brings out the most of import characteristic feature of the unorganised sector, from labours head word of view, pass on exploration is required to get an insight into the complexity and the diversity of this sector.There are sure(p) fundamental difficulties in using the existing categories of organised sector and unorganised sector for trade union purposes. Trade unions by their very nature are radicalally concerned with protecting labour from exploitation and whimsey of whoever employs them. If labour Protection is taken is the basic criterion of the trade unions, then organised and unorganised cease to be homogeneous categories, because we find unprotected labo ur in both the sectors. Even though the unorganised sector accounts for the majority of them, even the organised sector has its own share of unprotected labour in the form of casual, contract, badli, and temporary workers whose employment conditions are similar to those in the unorganised sector. One may argue that the proportion of the unprotected labour in the organised sector is very marginal.This is however not true, because, during the eighties there has been a gradual decline in permanent employment accompanied by a sharp rise in the casual employment. A recent survey of seven major industries, commissioned by Friedrich Ebert Foundation in 1991, reports that during the eighties, in almost all the industries the proportion of casual and temporary employment has increased phenomenally, ranging between a quarter to nearly half of the summate workforce. The National Sample canvass data also show a similar trend. According to this data, in the organised sector, the employment gro wth rate has declined from 2.48 per cent during 1977-78 1983 to 1.38 per cent during 1983 1987-88. In the organised manufacturing sector, particularly, employment had virtually stagnated during 1983- 1987-88. Given the above trends, from the trade union perspective, it would be fallacious to characterise organised sector as the protected sector, and the unorganised sector as theunprotected sector.Apart from these conceptual difficulties, very often, among the trade union circles, there exists confusion between the terms unorganised sector and unorganised labour. many use these terms synonymously, even though there is a substantial difference between the two. While the former refers to the unorganised part of the industry or the whole economy, the latter refers to workers who are not organised as trade unions. It is true that the bulk of the labour force in the unorganised sector is not organised, but at the same time there are also unorganised workers in the organised sector. Simila rly, there are also some workers inwardly the unorganised sector, as we shall see, who are organised as trade unions.From a purely trade union point of view, it may be more enamor to use the terms protected sector and unprotected sector which cut across both organised and unorganised sectors. However, it would be impossible to totally revoke the terms that are currently in use because the entire edifice of the statistical data is built on this foundation. Nonetheless, it would be useful to be sensible of the inadequacies of the existing categories. One needs to be, particularly, careful plot interpreting the official data. outwear in the Unorganised SectorKeeping the above mentioned definitional problems in view, allow us now examine the salient features of the labour force in the unorganised sector as reflected in the official data. According to 1991 census, the total labour force in India is estimated to be 317 millions. Out of this, the organised sector employs only 26.8 mi llions (8.5 %), while the unorganised sector employs as many as 290.2 millions, (91.5 %) (See Chart 1 and Table 1).Pension scheme for agricultural labourers all over the country. As discussed earlier, the peculiarity between these two sectors is very crucial from the point of view of employment relationship. It is not clear from the census data whether the figures for the organised sector employment include the casual / contract workers also. If it does, then the proportion of the protected labour allow be less than 8.5 per cent. While the majority of workers in the organised sector hive regular salaried jobs in the registered factories and service establishments, the workers in the unorganised sector are either self-employed or work as casual wage labourers in a wide range of sectors both non-agricultural and agricultural. The crucial distinction between the sectors is the nature of employment relationship. Going by Bannerjis definition cited earlier, the unorganised sector incl udes agricultural labourers, construction workers, forest workers, fish workers, beedi workers, workers in footling and tiny industrial units, powerloom and handloorn workers, self-employed workers, domestic workers and so on.If we use the term unprotected sector, then the list also includes all the casual / contract workers employed in the organised sector. Technically, labour laws do not differentiate between organised and unorganised sectors. However, in practice, they provide ample opportunities to the employers and their contractors to deny basic rights to certain categories of workers. As we shall see later, there are certain structural problems, which make, it difficult for workers to assert their rights. In the organised sector, for instance, the production strategies such as subcontracting, ancillarisation, etc., are inherently geared to by-pass the protective legislations. As a result, over the years, the proportion of casual and contract labour hasbeen increasing in alm ost all the industries in both private and public sector. An important characteristic feature of the unorganised sector is that it employs a large number of women.The relative proportion of fe virile workers is very high in this sector. As shown in Table 1, only 4.2% of the total feminine workers (as defined in Census) are in the organised sector. The corresponding percentage for male workers is 10.2%. The difference is rather striking if we look at the absolute figures. As against 23 million male workers there are only 3.8 million female workers in the organised sector. That is, for every six male workers there is only one female worker. In contrast to this, in the unorganised sector, there are 86.8 million women workers against 203.4 million male workers. That is, there is one woman worker for every two and odd male workers. Table 2 shows the sex distribution in both the sectors. In the organised sector, women constitute 14.2%, whereas in the unorganised sector they constitute 30 %.In terms of wages and earnings, there exists a substantial difference between the organised and the unorganised sectors. Table 3 shows the aggregate figures for the year 1981. Out of the total annual income of Rs.87,840 crores, the self-employed workers take in Rs.44,719 crores (50.9%,) while the wage and salary earners earned Rs.43,121 crores (49.1%). Within the wage earners category, the organised sector accounted for Rs.24,850 (28.3%) while the unorganised sector accounted for Rs.18,271 crores (20.8%). If we look at overall sector-wise figures by cartel self-employed and the wage earners in the unorganised sector, we would get the broad picture of earnings in the unorganised sector in contrast to those in the organised sector. The unorganised sector accounts for 71.7 per cent of the total earnings in comparison to 28.3 of the organised sector.The organised sector workers, even though account for only nine-tenth of the total workforce, earn more than one-fourth (one third acco rding to the latest figures) of the nations total wages and incomes. The figures of the average annual income per worker bring out the contrast between the sectors more sharply. While the organised sector worker earned Rs.10,851 per annum, the wage earner in the unorganised sector earned Rs.2,482 and the self-employed person earned Rs. 3,549. If we take the average of the unorganised sector as a whole, the figure would be much lower. These figures are for the year 1981, and the present figures in actual terms may be relatively higher.Issues and ConcernsThe primary concern regarding labour in the unorganised sector is that most of them live below the poverty line. Their access to the basic necessities of life such as food, clothing, shelter, education, health and other forms of social security is extremely poor. One of the major reasons for this is that they are not organised. They lack organisations which can effectively represent their issues and problems at the national level. Th e established trade unions in the country, including the left unions, have completely neglected this sector. This is reflected in the membership figures of the central trade union organisations. According to the latest verification of membership conducted by the central government in 1990, the membership of the top five unions is close to 10 millions, which is roughly around 3 per cent of the total working population in the country. Even though this includes both the organised sector as well as the unorganised sector, the proportion of the latter is very insignificant.For example, according to 1980 figures, the INTUC, which at that time was the largest union, had only 15 unions in the agricultural sector with a membership of 25,931, which is slightly more than one per cent of its total membership of over 22 lakhs. Similarly, CITU hid only 14 unions with a membership of 2,212, which is less than one per cent of its total membership of over 3 lakhs. There are, of course, certain str uctural difficulties in organising workers in the unorganised sector. Unlike in. the organised sector, the existing conditions are not conducive to the surgical procedure of trade unions. In the organised sector, that is, in large factories and other establishments, collective enormous dealing institutions are well developed and trade unions are accepted as legitimate organisations representing workers. In other words, the kernel of bark for better wage and working conditions are institutionalised. This is however not the case with the unorganised sector. The following are some of the problems at the very fundamental level in this sector.1. Employment regulationIn the unorganised sector the primary issue is regulation of employment. This is a very difficult task for unions to achieve. The employment contract is unwritten and informal. Workers are at the mercy of the employer. Giving an appointment letter is unheard of in this sector. By making the very employment relationship in formal, the employer keeps himself out of the statutory obligations. Workers in order to make any legal claim have to first place the employer and establish the employment relationship. Quite apart from these legal problems, since workers depend on the employer who may be a contractor or a middleman or the principal employer himself, for their sustenance, they dare not take recourse to legal action. This problem is more acute in the case of migrant workers, for instance, in the construction industry. Another means of bypassing a formal employment relationship adopted by trader-merchant-manufacturer is to utilise the home-based family labour.The so-called self employed workers in beedi, carpet, handloom, coir, hosiery and a boniface of other industries, come under this category. The trader-merchant-manufacturer or his middlemen provide the raw material to the home-based workers and collect the semi-finished or finished goods which they market themselves. The price that the workers get for their value-addition is very low and equivalent to wages, and their living conditions are no better than the wage labour. So, the self-employed who constitute nearly 56 per cent of the total workforce in the country are not really self-employed in the true sense.In the absence of a formal employment relationship the established trade unions, which are more used to functioning in the organised sector where all that they have to do is submit charter of demands and negotiate a reasonable bargain for the workers, find it extremely difficult to fight for workers in the unorganised sector. Trade union work in the unorganised sector is much more demanding and relates to certain structural changes of very fundamentalnature which requires struggle at various levels. The means and strategies to be adopted for achieving these changes also differ very much with those that are adopted in the organised sector. The following are the three different levels at which the trade unions in the u norganised sector have to fight. Grass- understructure Level Labour Courts Political LevelAt the grass-root level, as mentioned earlier, it is very difficult to identify a single, consistent employer to deal with. As a deliberate strategy, contractors keep ever-changing from time to time in order to avoid any legal binding. Also, at times, workers themselves move from one workplace to another. In certain cases such as domestic workers, unions have to deal with multiple employers who are not concentrated in one place but scattered all over. Given such a wide variation and the fluid state of employer-employee relationship, unions in this sector have to evolve innovative strategies to fight for the basic rights of their members. The second level of struggle is in the labour courts. Since the employer-employee relationship in this sector is not institutionalised, the disputes invariably end up in litigation.For instance, in case of contract workers in the organised sector much of the tr ade union work involves fighting court cases, which demands not only determination on the part of the unions but also resources. This is one of the major reasons why the unions of the workers in the organised sector turn a blind eye to the plight of the contract and casual workers. The third and the most important level of struggle is at the political level for policy changes and enactment of protective legislation by the government. This requires the unions to have a wider support base united with political campaigns.2. Lack of trade union consciousnessIn this sector the very idea of trade union organisation is new. Due to their insecure employment situation, workers are not always forthcoming to participate in the union activity. The unions have an extremely difficult task of gaining the confidence of workers to begin with, and then convincing them -about the importance of dealing with their employers collectivelyrather than as individuals.3. Struggle for legitimacyIn the unorga nised sector, the basic struggle of the trade unions is for legitimacy of their own instauration and freedom to function as trade unions. They are confronted with hostile employers whose basic advantage in operating in the unorganised sector is its unregulated employment and availability of cheap labour. Since trade unions by their very nature fight for regulation of employment, better wages and social security measures, they strike it the very root of this advantage. This results in a bitter conflict in which very often the trade unions are at the receiving end. Given such hostility to any form of trade union activity in this sector, the union activists have to find various means of obtaining legitimacy.Where hostility is very high, the activists function only as a voluntary organisation. As the situation improves they start functioning both as a voluntary organisation as well as a trade union simultaneously. Since, by definition, these two types of organisations have different le gal status the activists function as either, depending on the need and circumstance. Such a strategy is essential in order to continue the organisational effort in a hostile environment.4. Issues related to development policyTrade unions in the unorganised sector are confronted with not merely employment and wage issues, but also are forced to raise certain fundamental issues related to developmental policy. This is so because, in various sectors, such as fisheries, forestry, agri refining, etc., the workers directly depend, on natural resources for their livelihood. Governments development policy has a direct bearing on their lives. For instance, the forest workers, who have for generations lived in forests and enjoyed certain customary rights over forest resources, are now confronted with modem developmental agencies such as state corporations which have drawn boundaries within the forest plain depriving them of their traditional rights, and in many cases even displacing them. Th e local people depend on forests for fuel, fodder, and material to build their houses.The forest corporations which were created with the explicit purpose of directly taking up commercial activity related to forest resources, and thereby replacingthe middlemen who had been exploiting the forests, have, in reality, deprived the local peoples access to the forests. Another example is that of fish workers living near and around Chilika Lake located in Orissa on the eastern coast. Thousands of fish workers for generations hid depended on this lake for their livelihood. But now, with government leasing out the lake to private entrepreneurs for developing prawn culture for export, these workers have been debarred from fishing in the lake. Such issues, related to the governmental policy can be taken up only at the national level, which means that there should be a national level organisation to represent the interests of the unprotected workers in the unorganised sector. Today, unfortunate ly, such an organisation does not exist.5. Lack of visiblenessLastly, the workers in the unorganised sector lack visibility at the national level. In contrast to workers in the organised sector, their working conditions and problems hardly ever deform subjects of national give. This is best illustrates by the fact that the primary focus of the New Economic Policy is the organised sector. The question of exit policy has generated a great deal of debate, and become a politically sensitive issue. It is a different matter whether the government is genuinely concerned about the retrenched workers in the organised sector. The point is, in the unorganised sector, which employs more than 90% of the total workforce in the country, redundancies and retrenchments are a daily affair. Ironically, this issue has never merited a debate or discussion either in the media or in the trade union establishments.SourceUnprotected Labour in India Issues and Concerns by Sarath Davala (ed.) Friedrich Eb ert Stiftung, 1994, pp1-13.

Components of the International Political System

Components of the International Political governanceInternational Political SystemI. International Political System and Its ComponentsPre-Socratic Greek philosopher Heraclitus said that the only thing constant in this worldly concern is change. Taking this advancement, he believes that large number must non only accept the changes happening, moreover, they must know how to celebrate it.1 By trying to look around, one can clearly see the things that have changed and be interminably changing some getting better, some becoming worse, opposites are mixed, name it, the world has it. Among the most common things that have changed and/or modified over the eld are the value of every(prenominal) care the value of currency against the other, monetary inflation rate, voting behavior of people, climate, language, technology, among others. Despite the fact of these changes happening, each state has its profess look of coping, mobilizing, promoting and even recreating to it and has a check effect to the global society.It is very important to recognize these changes for it willing be one of the bases in order to set aside answer to the question that will be solved in this paper As of now, do we have an international policy-making system? After innate research and analysis, the stand of this paper acclaims that yes, as of now, we do have an international political system.In this paper, arguments related to administration structure, behavior of the populace, power, and development will be presented in order to toughen its claim that on that point is international political system nowadays and its presence today was brought about by the different actions of the people in the yesteryears and significant events that had happened then.Before proceeding to the points that will strengthen the claim, it is important to unlock first the complex terms used in the formulating the question and come across it into smaller predilections.The question at hand can be divi ded into trine split in order to make sure that at the end, there will be a proper riposte. For the first expose, the question suggests a certain time frame as to when the answer must be base on, which is the present time, as of now, next, a certain manifestation is being searched upon, do we have, and lastly, the main factor that is being considered, the international political system.Since the first and second parts of the query are relating on the third one, this time, it is necessary to define the said system and explain it for this will greatly help in guiding the points that will be presented on the latter part of this paper. The term international political system is comprised of three different terms that carry different significant consequence in the study of Political Science and this calls for identifying each before understanding it as a single thought.First to be identified is the system. System is the building complex formed by a structured set of interacting uni ts.2 Unit is the entity composed of various sub groups, organizations, communities, and many individuals, sufficiently cohesive to have actor forest (i.e. to be capable of conscious decision-making), and sufficiently independent to be differentiated from others and to have standing at the higher levels (e.g. states, nations, transnational firms).3 To highlight, it is important that the system must have interacting units, means, there is reciprocal action or influences between such. Otherwise, it cannot be considered as a system.Next is politics. It might be best characterized as the strained use of social power the study of the nature and source of those constraints and the techniques for the use of social power within those constraints.4 It can also be lowered to an psyche of chasing interests and decisions. Whenever an individual is faced with choices or when a state is choosing to possible decisions on issue of just and unjust for the populace, they fall to the aforemention ed(prenominal) ground, politics.To be given meaning lastly is the term international. This term was fashioned by Jeremy Bentham and he footnoted in his work that the word international, it must be acknowledged, is a new one though, it is hoped, sufficiently analogous and intelligible. It is calculated to express, in a more significant way, the branch of the law which goes commonly under the name of the law of nations an appellation so uncharacteristic that, were, it not force of custom, it would seem rather to refer to international jurisprudence.5 From this definition, he only wanted to imply that while there are laws that can be implemented exclusively within the territory of every state, on the other hand, there is also law, an international law, that is being followed and must be abide by all the states that recognize such since they share a common region or organizational goal. Example of this is the UNCLOS or the united Nations Convention on the law of nature of the Sea. It lays down a comprehensive regime of law and order in the worlds oceans and seas establishing rules governing all uses of the oceans and their resources.6 Through UNCLOS, contradicting claims of every state relative to worlds oceans and seas are being put into table, subjected to presentation of evidences, similar in a trial court, and draws the judgment from the substantiations offered by each of the state. Having defined the concepts that make up the idea of international political system, this time, it is significant to draw the definition of IPS itself. From the delineations provided, it can be illustrated that an international political system simply means that it is a system with the same components or units that are interacting between each other or amongst one another, dependent to every other units within it, and has a trajectory of similar, related, or parallel goal or purpose.Reaching this definition, it only provides that if the system that we currently have in the societ y today do not fit in the three major qualifications of a. interacting units, b. dependent to each or one another, and c. has analogous goal, it can obviously be declared that we do not have an international political system. For the next pages, these factors will be the foundation of the papers stand.II. State and International Government OrganizationsA better way to proceed to next part of this paper is by citing a clich quote which has been attributed to International Relations for quite a long time, from Lord Palmerston, and he said We have no stable allies, we have no permanent enemies, we only have permanent interests.7 Seeing the status quo, of different states shifting alliances, focused on constantly claiming territories, and partnership with other countries for strengthening military defenses, Lord Palmerston was never wrong even it was already more than a century ago when he mentioned it.Security is important for a state since it greatly affects the populace, economy, th e government and its sovereignty. If the states security is threatened, it does not only put the people into the brink of harm, but moreover, it places the entire territory beyond the threshold of peace, thus, violence. Because of these possibilities, it is significant that a state must establish alliance with other state or be part of an international government organization. beingness part of the international organization brings the concept of international systems or the largest conglomerates of interacting or interdependent units that have no system level above them.8International government organizations exist to help the states handle issues that they cannot alone and they also create cooperation between the states.9 By being part of an international government organization, it is true that at this point, the member state does not only consider what is solely good and beneficial for his country, but then it learns to recognize the existence of other states and realize, in o ne way or another, their importance to itself. International government organizations help each country to fully understand and be educated about the process of statesmanship. Process is what units are actually doing in the system.10 Diplomacy is the process wherein they send representative, called a diplomat, to other state, or into an IGO to conduct arbitration and settle state disputes.The study of the concentration and dissemination of power in the international system is an important topic in the study of world politics because of a presumed correlation with the likelihood of war.11 This is why, as mentioned, diplomacy is important and participation with the international government organizations is beneficial because it greatly influences in maintaining a state and the entire regions peace, cooperation and security. IGOs such as United Nations, globe Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund and the regional organizations like Association of Southeast Nations and Nort h Atlantic Treaty Organization, greatly help in meeting the needs of the states which has affiliation to these organizations. They aid in the healthcare, security, financial needs of the member state and they debate on issues to determine the best solution for problems arising in the states and the organization as a whole.III. The Three Major QualificationsGoing back, I have mentioned that if the system that we currently have in the society today do not fit in the three major qualifications of a. interacting units, b. dependent to each or one another, and c. has analogous goal, it can obviously be declared that we do not have an international political system.In brief, this paper strongly confirms that presently, there is International Political System. One of the strongest points to prove it is the presence of order in the society. There are laws that are being followed, there are international government organizations that have the same goal which is to help every member state for its development, and the units here, or the groups or organizations with an actor-quality like decision-making, were able to have connections, relations, and interactions in various fields be it for economic purposes, cooperation for stronger bond of the organization and for active participation of every member states. From the very start, the question itself used the phrase as of now, and for this, I will also cite the specific proof of the presence of IPS in the present time. First is the serious effort of the United Nations in finding way to help the Fijian UN peacekeepers captured by the Syrian branch of Al Qaeda. adept last Sunday, Filipino peacekeepers were able to escape from the rebels. The UN has also offered aid to the nearlythree millionSyrian refugees it has registered in neighboring countries.12 Another, the ASEAN Integration will be put into effect for less than a year and a half from now until the self-imposed due date of end-2015.13 These are the proofs that the un its follow a certain system in the political grounds of the society today which creates ordered processes.1 John Mansley Robinson,An Introduction to Early Greek Philosophy, (Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1968), 912 Barry Buzan and Richar Little, International Systems in World account Remaking the Study of International Relations, (New York Oxford University Press Inc., 2000), 442.3 Ibid. p. 442.4 Robert E. Goodin and Hans Dieter-Klingemann, A New Handbook of Political Science, (Oxford Oxford University Press Inc., 1998),p. 4.5 M. W. Janis, Jeremy Bentham and the Fashioning of International Law, (The American diary of International Law, 1984), pp. 405-4186 Daniel Hollis, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, The Encyclopedia of Earth, 2010), www.eoearth.org/view/article/156775.7 David Brown, Palmerston and the Politics of Foreign Policy, 1846-1855 (Manchester Manchester University Press, 2002), pp. 82-83.8 Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International Sys tems in World History Remaking the Study of International Relations, (New York Oxford University Press Inc., 2000), pp. 69.9 Henderson. Understanding International Law, 33.10 Buzan and Little, International Systems in World History Remaking the Study of International Relations, 80.11 Diana Richards, A disorganised Model of Concentration in the International System, (International Studies Quarterly 1993), 37, pp. 55-72.12 Ben Hubbard, (2014, August 31). Affiliate of Al Qaeda Confirms Capture of U.N. Peacekeepers in Syria. Retrieved August 31, 2014, from The New York Times http//www.nytimes.com/2014/09/01/world/middleeast/un-peacekeepers-captured-in-syria.html?_r=013 Rommel W. Domingo. (2014, September 1). Asean inches closer to economic integration. Retrieved September 1, 2014, from Inquirer.net http//business.inquirer.net/177832/asean-inches-closer-to-economic-integration

Assessing The Homestay Program In Malaysia

Assessing The Home taking into custody Program In MalaysiaHome hang-up is non a new phen indicateon in Malaysia. Homestay has been detect in early 1970 where a local anesthetic lady inviteed Mak long who took nodes and provide them with food and accommodation within her humble kampong ho workout (Amran,1997).Homestay is a political political course of study where tourists stay among local families and experience their actual lifestyle first-hand-how they prep atomic number 18 and eat their meals, go approximately their work, their leisure activities and much more.There were closely 286 plates participating officially in this basestay programme in 1997 finishedout the country and the number of fellowshipstay has been increased to 2000 scalestays in 2011 (Dept. Statistic Malaysia,2011).Homestay program female genitals thus be regarded as a rural-cultural-community- base touristry product. Rural touristry per se whitethorn endure existed for a long time in Malaysia as quite a number of nature based and culture based tourism products ar fixed in the rural orbits. However, it has however received recognition as a tourism product with the origination of the Rural Tourism Master Plan in 2001. A market survey undertaken to formulate the master plan indicated that foreign tourists who came to Malaysia spent 15% of their stay in rural argonas. In the eight month to August 2009, there are 102,934 visitors participate in the homestay program nationwide with a turnover of RM6.5 one million million million compare to 57,658 visitors with a turnover of 3.3 million during the alike(p) period last year (The Star, 2009).The idea of the homestay program is to accommodate tourists in a village with a local family, thus enabling the tourist to learn about local lifestyle, culture, nature (Louise Gai Hjulmand et al ARBEC 2003).The core component of the Malaysian homestay programs, which differentiates it with homestay elsewhere, is the agent of staying t ogether with phalanx families or adopted families. The guests take up the opportunities to interact, gain familiarity, and experience the life style and culture of the host family as well as the local community. This element involves the guests eating, cooking, and spicy in many activities together with their adopted families, thus put uping two parties with different cultural backgrounds to interact and learn from each other. Unlike regular bed and breakfast constitutements, the homestay program in Malaysia allows the guests to participate in the hosts daily activities. Indeed, this gutter be considered as an important strength of this particular product no other tourism product in Malaysia offers a similar experience of Malaysian rural societies as that offered by the homestay program (K similarlym, 2009).The uniqueness of the Malaysian program is the experiential element with the host families as well as communities. Communities are the basic reason for tourists to travel, to experience the way of life and material products of different communities. Communities also shape the raw(a) and landscapes which many tourists consume (Richards and Hall 2000). The strongization that the community itself has become an object of tourism consumption has in turn encouraged some communities to reproduce themselves specifically for tourists. Through homestay program, tourists would be able to experience the daily life of the ordinary people of a community.The homestay program is a non- technicalized entity, as opposed to a hotel, a bed and breakfast, or a homestay run by an individual homeowner in a residential area.Background get wordThe government have condition emphatic stress through the ministry of tourism to the homestay program as it is a tourism product. The program having so many potential, a master plan was conjecture in 2011 to advance homestay program as a catalyst for rural community development. The number of homestay providers in Malaysia has risi ng because it has the ability of providing additional income and likewise affair (9th Malaysian plan, 2010). Moreover, the government in their parkway in enhancing the homestay program have created websites, where all descriptions, booking details and contact number are been provided. Infrastructural development are also a cipher that is been strengthen by government in rural area. They make sure good road are been contractedly, constant electricity supply, provision of clean weewee supply and upholding the community building.Furthermore in the 9th Malaysia plan, the government put its centre of prudence into the development of rural area through the modernization and commercialization of country acivities and creation of new economic activities that must especially through the system of One District One Industry programThe guesthouse nowadays, which are called homestays are actually commercial home enterprise (CHE) which is define as a small housing enterprise that are iden tified as a new hospitality nowadays (Paul A. Lynch, 2005). A commercial home is type of accommodation in which payment is been made by guest to stay in private homes. In more or less(prenominal) guest houses or private homes, the host or family do non usually live on the property. in any case there are limitation differentiating string out area and closed area in the premises. Some spaces are restricted for visitors because they open to host only. While the in truth homestay is all about living and accomplishment the local lifestyle in their local residents and their family and to the highest degree homestay do non have restrictions to visitors, where there are in dress to move around the house as they please. In the homestay, visitor or tourist testament experience the music and cultural activities, historical significance, arts and crafts (MaimumahAbdulRahim, 2009). collectable to the misunderstanding between the guest house that is presumed to be home stay and the expe riential home stay, it causes a lot of awe in the mind stage set of people. about people or tourist takes the guest house as the home stay, which in turn makes them not to take the real home stay as their first choice of holiday accommodation.The reason that brought about this look into is to ensure the clarity between the experiential home stay and the guest house (CHE) called home stay. According to the host of a homestay in Melaka, there is lots of improvement that need to be executed. In other to make the name of the homestay unique and set a good perception and image of the homestay in the tourist mind through consistent theme, otherwise known as branding. This go out help to establish a major presence in the market which will at all time attracts and maintain the customers. This wills also broadening the peoples understanding on the passing between the guest house (CHE) and homestay, because of its uniqueness due to branding.The host also pointed out that the trade effor t for the homestay is not enough. This is because virtually people do not know where homestay accommodation is situated. They have to refer to the web, which in most, cases tends to be tedious and might lead them changing their mind into going for hotel. It might also drink their perception again on the difference between guest house (CHE) and homestay. So in light of this, the government should upgrade their marketing outline for the real homestay creating more advertising campaigns through the media such as Television, radio station, newspaper and even roadside advertisement, Likewise in airports, so as to transcend the attention of tourist into going for the homestay.Research objectiveResearch shows that there is a growing body of knowledge on homestay, specifically in the area of tourism industry. So the main objective of this study to understands the state of homestay development in Melaka. In order to aim the interrogatory and to conduct the objective of the research, an exploratory study is conducted and this will be discussed in chapter 2.Chapter 2 Research Stance inductive abstract thought is logics based on experiences and observation acquired in the real world, in which it makes use of experiences and experiments to arrive at conclusion. The possible action of an inductive short letter shows some degree of support for the conclusion, but they do not require it. In inductive reasoning, the hypothesis is mostly based on facts and observation. There is also the tendency that that the hypothesis could be true whereas the conclusion is false giving that a lucid race between hypothesis and conclusion is not necessary.The reasoning through inductive logical argument begins with specific observation, then distinguish patterns and regularities, generate a coy hypothesis which we can explore and finally wind up emerging with some general conclusion. The most common type of inductive reasoning is when we gain ground evidence of some experimental ph enomena, and then make a general conclusion on all such types of phenomena based on collected facts. An deterrent example of inductive reasoning through medical science. Scientist in their research discovered that the average human temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. A person with 99.3 degrees temperature is considered to be having a fever and is devoted medication to bring the temperature to normal. This type of reasoning is inductive and obvious, nobody is entirely fit as an average human beign, not in weight, height or the talked about temperature. To make a conclusion that the rightfield temperature of all human race is the same as the average temperature of a sample of individual members is incorrect.The wages of inductive reasoning is able to asses hypothesis even if information contrary to the hypothesis is observed. It is flexible, more open minded and tentative most especially at the beginning. inducive reasoning can be probable, believable, reasonable, because it b enefit from a wide variety of probability. Moreover inductive reasoning takes place in lots of places, ranging from continent classroom to courtroom and even in the media. It is a reasoning that can start with nothing, and then make some observations which will lead to a conclusion. Inductive reasoning help us in providing new ideas that could increase our knowledge about the world. It helps in dealing with complications, likewise inductive reasoning allow us to deal with theorys with insufficient definition. Inductive reasoning is not the exact opposite to science or reasoning, it is the way science operates and progresses infect.In induction, most of the conclusions are shy and this is the disadvantage of induction. Truths and objectivity are been compromised in induction, so the need for the use of evidence arises. False relation is also a disadvantage during argument from analogy and inductive reasoning cannot be rationally justified, because we rely on assumptions (David Hu me).In philosophy, it is been contemplated that the use of inductive reasoning to justify beliefs is reasonable. Experiences gain from previous events or our memories allow us to prepare for the future. Even though the future is not certain through predictions and generalization, we can assume that what will happen tomorrow will most likely be the same as what happened today. We can make generalization based on previous information achieved, but it doesnt unavoidably means it has the same amount of certainty as the argument. For example, all human that have been seen had exactly 10 fingers, 5 on each hand, so therefore can stop that the next human that will see will have 10 fingers too.This conclusion is arrived at due to inductive reasoning and do not have the same certainty as the premises. Some human nay carry a certain gene that when born, may have 12 fingers, 6 fingers on each hand, Although the possibility of that occurring maybe low, but it is possible. So thereby makes the argument invalid. A prediction may turn out to right, but it does not necessarily mean the induction is reliable.There are several type of inductive reasoning, such as inductive generalization, simple induction, statistical syllogism and argument by analogy. Inductive generalization is a reasoning that advances from an argument about a sample to a conclusion about the population. It aims at concluding about events larger than the part which serves as the basis for the induction. In other for this argument to work, there is need for careful collection of information. It is descriptive and exploratory. Simple induction is the induction that continues from an argument about a sample group to an inference about another individual. It is the combination of both generalization and statistical syllogism. Statistical syllogism is the reasoning that argues from generalization to an inference about an individual. It proceed from a generalization to a particular case. Argument by analogy is the argument from analogy is as reasoning in general it is not always in turn of an argument. It is mostly about learning or explaining things, description, solving of problems by broadening our thoughts from what that been understand to what that do not been understand. Reasoning by analogy is quite common in humanities, science and philosophy.deductive reasoning is generally known as formal logic. This involves reasoning from genral argument, which are known or presumed to be true, into a specific and certain conclusion. Avalid argument is when the conclusion is most definitely true provided the theory are true, meaning that the conclusion directly go after the theory. The conclusion arrived atare inevitable, certain and inescapable,. Furthermore the conclusion is contained in the theory. It is a method of acquiring knowledge. A deductive reasoning is understandd by its structure of the argument and moreover by the conclusion offered.Reasoning through deductive argument starts w ith a major hypothesis, and based on those ideas it draws the truth and conclusion about it. Deductive reasoning begins from the more general observations to the more specific. From a topic of interest, a theory is been formulated, then narrowed down to more specific hypothesis that can be tested and then further narrowed down after observation is collected to tackle the hypothesis. In the end, it eventually help us to be able to test the hypothesis with specific entropy which is a configuration of our original theories. It is considered sound argument if it is valid and its premises are true and it is forged if it is invalid or it is valid but one premises is wrong at least.Hence, deductive reasoning is the logic used in proving things for certain. It is a formal argument that assumes one or more facts as self-evident, by following strict rules, it arrives at a conclusion. The verification of deductive reasoning conclusion depends on its correctness of the argument and the truth of the hypothesis. The correctness is determined by use of established rules. An example of deductive argument goes as follows in all mangoes are fruitsAll fruits grow on treesTherefore, all mangoes grow on treesIn the above statement, the argument is valid and sound. An argument is correct even if its impossible for its theory to be true spell the conclusion is false. Deductive argument can be correct even if the premise is wrong. An example of a correct but mentally ill argument isAll baseball players eat crabLamar eats crabHence, Lamar is a baseball playerFor this argument, the conclusion may or may not be true due to the premises being wrong, given that all baseball players dont have to eat crab, they can have other things as well. contempt the fact that meet deductive reasoning are based in particular on information and science logic, there are general ones also such asMembers of a family include Yusuf, Selena, BellaYusuf is richSelena is richBella is richHence, all members o f the family are richReferring to the example above, we can see that deductive reasoning is based on a theory called syllogism. Syllogism is a form of argument that contains three categories. The first categories utter a tentative property that cannot be argued further. The entropy states that an exact item fits into the category and last step gives a conclusion by applying the deductive reasoning from step one and two.The advantage in deductive reasoning is that the truth it created are absolute. Many of the hypothesis are generally accepted because they are known to be self-evident truths, because they cannot or do not need to be proved. Deductive reasoning draws conclusions from proofs and not by assuming about an already determined clause. It is very valuable skill that helps a savant in analyzing literature or even proving a mathematical theorem. Deductive reasoning allows a student to determine the correct answer to a question and moreover deductive reasoning can be taught.T he disadvantage in deductive argument is that new facts are not arrived at because the conclusions are already contained in the premises. Before starting a deductive reasoning it must have some truths in hand or else it wont be valid. The most obvious risk in deductive argument is when creating the major premises. The assumption made must be self- evident truths whereby no reasonable person would disaccord with it, or an assumption that can be proven through clinical studies and physical observation.There is two type of deductive reasoning, such as conventional deductive reasoning and modern emblematic logic. The traditional deductive reasoning is also known as categorical syllogism, it is a reasoning where facts and information are determined by combining statements. It is an ancient type of deductive reasoning. During ancient times, men usually presented their arguments in syllogism, but soon then they presented their arguments in a more abstract form. An example of lines of re asoning derived from this method isAll men are mortalSocrates is a menTherefore Socrates is mortalModern symbolic logic is a deductive reasoning that develop to help create a more simple and useful method of translator ordinary arguments into a universal actors line of symbols. This type of reasoning can analyze longer arguments very quickly and check if it is valid. But this type of reasoning made logical argument mathematical and even made it uglier.In the conclusion, Induction reasoning is generally related to the future. It assemble specific facts and then bring about a general conclusion that assume what will be found in the future while deductive reasoning are generally relate to the other(prenominal) or present. Most likely, the hypothesis are already tested, therefore it draw from general information and then create an exact conclusion which it verifies the past or present. An inductive reasoning needs faith in its conclusion, while deductive reasoning needs faith in its h ypothesis. Inductive argument takes events and creates generalization while deductive arguments make conclusion based on generalization.Positivist and anti positivistPositivism is universally known as the philosophy of knowledge and science. The concept asserts that the only true knowledge is that which is found in sense, perception and positive verification. All knowledge arrives from positive facts of experience being observed. It is a philosophy which has a lot of theories for the entire field of theology as well as metaphysics, because they cannot be proving to be true. Positivist theories include the theory of the mind, theory of society, the theory of language and likewise the theory of morality.Antipositivism is also known as the non-positivist or interpretive sociology and is the view in social science that academics must necessarily reject empiricist philosophy and the scientific method in the conduct of social theory and research. Antipostivism contend that only through t he subjective interpretation of and intervention in reality can that reality be fully understood. The study of phenomena in their natural environment is key to the antiposotism philosophy, together with theAcknowledgement that scientists cannot avoid affecting those phenomena they study. They admit that there may be many interpretations of reality, but maintain that these interpretations are in themselves a part of the scientific knowledge they are pursuing. antipositivism has a tradition that is no less glorious than that of positivism, nor is it shorter.In this research the approach that have been used in carried out the research is the deductive and purely anti positivism. How the research is been conducted and the findings from doing the research will be discussed in the exploratory research persona.Exploratory ResearchIn the process of this research, interview from different homestay and guest house that assume to be homestay have been carried out. From the interview found out that homestay faces some problems which might affect its progress and its reputations. This problem is as followsThe government effort toward homestayThe Malaysian government makes all effort possible in making the homestay more reliable. They make provision of training for the host on how to manage the homestay. Homestay managers are been send to gain more knowledge on how to make the homestay more efficient. Furthermore, they also provide infrastructural facilities to aid the development of the homestay area. Facilities such as provision of good road networks, clean and portable and regulation electricity power supply. All this facilities will boost the image of the homestay to the tourist who might be willing to stay there. The provision of these amenities would not only attract more visitors but it will also make the villagers lifestyle to be improved.The government in its effort also perform preventivety watchfulness on each homestay, in other to make sure that it is suitab le for tourist. This is to make sure that the environment surrounding the homestay is kept clean and kept safe for the tourist or visitors because a safe environment is a place to be.Moreover, the government have make available homestay information to visiting tourist in the website in the website include the location of the homestay, contact number of the homestay and also the addresses of the homestay. All of this is provided to make it easier for visitors or tourist to find the homestay area. They will be able to call earlier, even to make a booking or reservation this will enhance and promote the homestay. Besides of this tremendous effort government should have recapitulate up the effort in marketing strategy and aware of the new phenomenon which has spread widely where is a guest house that called homestay. The government should take a wise action on this phenomenon whether to abolish or rename the guest house that assumed to be homestay this is because the reputation of home stay have been down because of the guest house that assume to be homestay.Branding and MarketingAn effective brand marketing strategy draw at the heartstring of prospective bribeers to evoke an emotional response called loyalty. Consumers buy goods and services, not only because of the quality or ability of a product to perform as promised, but because of emotions products and services evoke. Branding is all about promoting the right perception to a target audience, which will convince that audience of the advertisers promise to bring comfort, safety, security, assurance, a sense of well being, or social acceptance. An advertisers brand is a name, symbol, graphic, or slogan which identifies the goods and services the advertiser sells, while setting them apart from the competition (christianet, 2008). So in light of this, the government should upgrade their marketing strategy for the real homestay creating more advertising campaigns through the media such as Television, radio statio n, newspaper and even roadside advertisement, Likewise in airports, so as to draw the attention of tourist into going for the homestay.This is another problem faced by homestay in Melaka. Many homestay do not have even names, not to advert images to identify it. There is no uniqueness for some homestay. Many guest house have overshadowed the homestay. Each homestay should have a unique image or brand, which allows visitors or tourist to be able to determine where they want to stay, the exact homestay they require.Moreover, they should try to improve their marketing strategies. This could be done through advertising and marketing branding. By advertising the homestay, it is likely to bring in more visitors which will enhance the market value. Also by raising brand awareness and tearaway(a) sales, present the homestay with a more good features, which will give tourists or visitor more urge to visit.Homestay should engage in promotions. Through promotions, more visitors are being wor n over. Many guesthouse have overshadowed the homestay. Each homestay should have unique image or brand which allows visitors or tourist to be able to determine where they want to stay, the exact homestay they require.Moreover, they should try to improve their marketing strategies. This could be done through advertising and marketing branding. By advertising the homes, it is likely to bring in more visitors which will enhance the market value. Also by raising brand awareness and driving roles, present the homestay with a more good features, which will give tourist or visitor more urge to visit.Homestays should engage in promotions. Through promotions, more visitors are being worn over. Many tourist or visitors will tend to choose a home pass discounts as it is still a great and lovely home to stay in. Homestay offering promotions to visitors and this will lead to get more attention than others and this will enhance its finance.Commercial Home EnterpriseThe guesthouse nowadays, whic h are called homestays are actually commercial home enterprise (CHE) which is define as a small housing enterprise that are identified as a new hospitality nowadays (Paul A. Lynch, 2005). A commercial home is type of accommodation in which payment is been made by guest to stay in private homes. In most guest houses or private homes, the host or family do not usually live on the property. Likewise there are limitation differentiating open area and closed area in the premises. Some spaces are restricted for visitors because they open to host only. While the real homestay is all about living and learning the local lifestyle in their local residents and their family and most homestay do not have restrictions to visitors, where there are free to move around the house as they please. In the homestay, visitor or tourist will experience the music and cultural activities, historical significance, arts and crafts (MaimumahAbdulRahim, 2009).Confusions have always been a very bad omen for anyth ing or to human themselves. In terms of this research, it was noted that many visitors or tourists have always taken the guest house (CHE) to be the homestay. It has reduce the aim of visitors which the experiential homestay has get the impact drastically.In dealing with this confusion, it is better to either abolish the confusion guest house or rename it to commercial home enterprise, it completely so as not to cause anymore confusions among the tourist. The perception of tourists or visitors is very important, because when they go for the guest house instead of the homestay and do not get to meet the expectation they wanted, itmight damage their perception on the homestay. This really is causing a major upset for homestay host or managers. This confusion also affects the marketing and financial aspects of homestay. So this research deduces that the confusion needs to be deal with.The popularity of homestay also is an aspect that needs to treat. Most homestays are located in rural areas, so it is very hard for urban visitors to know of some homestays, in which they can reside in. It will help the cause of the homestays if it is been diffuse in the urban areas as it will enhance the medium at which visitors or tourist visits.The government have given emphatic stress through the ministry of tourism to the homestay program as it is a tourism product. The program having so many potential, a master plan was formulated in 2011 to advance homestay program as a catalyst for rural community development. The number of homestay providers in Malaysia has rising because it has the ability of providing additional income and likewise employment (9th Malaysian plan, 2010)Moreover, the government in their effort in enhancing the homestay program have created websites, where all descriptions, booking details and contact number are been provided. Infrastructural development are also a factor that is been strengthen by government in rural area. They make sure good road are bee n contractedly, constant electricity supply, provision of clean water supply and upholding the community building.Furthermore in the 9th Malaysia plan, the government put its centre of attention into the development of rural area through the modernization and commercialization of agricultural acivities and creation of new economic activities that must especially through the system of One District One Industry program.The guesthouse nowadays, which are called homestays are actually commercial home enterprise (CHE) which is define as a small housing enterprise that are identified as a new hospitality nowadays (Paul A. Lynch, 2005). A commercial home is type of accommodation in which payment is been made by guest to stay in private homes. In most guest houses or private homes, the host or family do not usually live on the property. Likewise there are limitation differentiating open area and closed area in the premises. Some spaces are restricted for visitors because they open to host o nly. While the real homestay is all about living and learning the local lifestyle in their local residents and their family and most homestay do not have restrictions to visitors, where there are free to move around the house as they please. In the homestay, visitor or tourist will experience the music and cultural activities, historical significance, arts and crafts (MaimumahAbdulRahim, 2009).Due to the misunderstanding between this two, it causes confusion in the mind set of people on the homestay. Many people or tourist visiting would think take the guest house as the homestay, which makes them not to take homestay as their first choice of holiday accomodation or activities.Chapter 3 Research Methodology3.1 IntroductionA research methodology clarifies what the activity of research is, how to proceed, how to measure progress, and what constitutes success. The main focus on this chapter is to demonstrate what the purpose of the research is, how the questionnaire is designed, in wh at way the data are collected and which areas are targeted. Analysis of the data is presented to obtain the results for objectives which are stated in chapter one. To this extent, the methodology is described with the objectives of this study, which are again statedTo access the effort of government that can enhance the success of homestayTo investigate Malaysians perception on homestayTo estimate the level of acceptance of Malaysian and foreign tourist toward homestayResearch framework, hypothesis development and research design are presented in section 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 respectively. The discussion of the research instrument involved is explained in section 3.5. The designing of the questionnaire for collecting data will be explained in section 3.6. Moreover, sampling method, data collection and data analysis method will discuss in this chapter also.3.2 Research Framework

The influence of Internet on recognition of identity

The influence of Internet on recognition of individuationIdentity recognition has been a hot topic in new-made years. It is a modify issue that no single definition of the term has been set up in science. The first magazine individuality of perception goes to the usual as a scientific term is in The Interpretation of Dreams (published in 1900) by a great psychologist, Sigmund Freud. He proposed that dreaming was an unconscious mold of nurture in the day time, which piece of landd the role of controlling individuals cordial and psychical activities. Thus he claimed that dreaming maintained the someonealitys continuity and identity. Identity conception plays an key role in compassionate beings psyche, he suggested. The society is developing quickly, which makes human beings lost in recognition of identity in tender life and overly in psycho. Problems of identity are studied for years in different areas, and the conceptions of identity differ. Most of the recent studies ar e conducted in sociology, which focus on national the br some otherly groups, social phenomena and social behavior. Here in this paper, I focus on the individuals behavior, individuals interpretations of the information on the profits, and how the internet influences individuals.Identity is the state of an individuals consciousness of the alliance with oneself, hoi polloi around and with the surroundings. It is more about how an individual sees himself, based on the aggregation of his personal characteristics, personal feelings, personal values, personal judgments and his interpretations about the information inwards and outwards. To determine ones identity, we need to aggregate ones characteristics of personality that are of a biological, psychological, social, and cultural nature.(Vladimir Rimskii, 2)Identity is a stable consciousness that impart last for a long time once set up. It enables one to be oneself in different situations. (Vladimir Rimskii, 2)However, identity ch anges with the environment changes. Individuals take in different and changing information for the new situations, and this process of aggregation with information lead s lightlyly change the individuals perception on his own identity. So exists the possibility to coexistence of different identities (Vladimir Rimskii, 2)at one and the same moment in time. In some cases, this leads to crisis beca put on the adaptation of identity lags behind the changes in humanity.Childhood plays a significant and essential role in forming an individuals identity, which continues until death. Identity forming is about mental reading, influenced not only by biological factors, but mainly by social factors. The relations and interactions among children, parents, culture and social life of the community play a very important role in shaping ones identity. As a person enter his adolescence years, identity keeps forming and yet changing, for his high time of mental development and values forming. An a dolescent goes through a time of getting rid of the influence of parents and setting up self-values in the changing environment. In many cases, these adolescents stick out the problems of identity because of their lack of experiences in life. As they grow up, they will begin to shape their own identities as the acceptance of particular roles and the rejection of other roles. This process will slow down as they enter adulthood, and they will hit stereotype identities, which are relatively stable. However, the identity crisis among adolescents has been a hot topic recently. The new contemporaries is said to be too cool and willful. They are exposed to a world full of information. They have a lot of chances to get in be with different people, learn about different thoughts, and contend whats happening around the world. Therefore, their identities are easily influenced and changed. Also, because of the overindulgence of their parents, they young generation lose some chances to rec ollect about life and future by themselves. They fail to pay enough attention to the identity forming. Therefore, identity crisis is a very import yet complicated issue. In this paper, I will try to briefly study the internets influences on youths identity conception.Identities in the realityMany identities are perceived as social roles interacting with other individuals. Human beings live within social groups. They have more than one role when connecting with others. Each role might have its own identity or tend to have slightly different identity. These different identities coexist in one at the same moment of time, thus exists the possibility that a person might not able to show all his personalities and roles in one identification card. The other possibility is that people around cannot clearly know who the person is. The author (Vladimir Rimskii, 3) suggests that collective identities of a social group enable its members to determine who belongs and who does not. Individuals al most always interact with representatives of particular social groups, which make them unceasingly adapt or affirm their own identities. According to him, we can know a person by checking the social group he belongs to.It is true that social life and social experiences help a person to achieve a definite identity. In order to achieve a sense of belongingness, self-preservation, recognition, self-realization and other needs, a person will join in some certain social groups by attaining membership.( Vladimir Rimskii, 4)However, humans have subjective initiatives. One may not want to reveal his complete real information in social life with the purposes such as self-protection. Also, one may fake his information in order to get into a group. pack are bound to the conventions of the society. They live in a world full of limitations. They cannot fully express and show their values, judgments, behaviors, and personalities. For example, the Gay, lesbian and Bisexual (GLB) may not want peo ple around them to know their secrets. They may cover up in case other people fiendish them for acting against the cultural and social traditions. Therefore, one will not present the true person of oneself in reality and we cannot know a true person by processing the intended presentation of his identity.In the process of identification, an individual may project his own identity onto someone else. He may repeat someone elses identity, or mix his own identity with the identities of others, so as to have a new him.Identities on the internetToday, hundreds of thousands of people have accessed to the internet, and have identities in the virtual world. The number is growing at a very fast speed. Individualism and the freedom of expression may be the first causal agent that people form a new identity on the internet.(Julie Rak, 7)There is no restrictions of forming an identity on the internet, so a person can register an deification identity, do whatever and say whatever he wants on the internet. Another reason for peoples formation of identity on the internet is that people desire to create nonsuch identities that cannot be realized in the real world. Individuals can decide their attitudes, perceptions, stereotypes, judgments, opinions, assessments, priorities, tastes, ways of life, characteristics of activity, etc. Internet makes it possible for individuals to achieve self-realization and to be ideal ones for a while. Quite different from the reality, there is also possibility for a person to use a number of different identities simultaneously without using falsifiable information.People have been arguing about the advantages and disadvantages of internet on identities. The supportive side suggests that we can know a person better through internet because his identities online are mostly the ones that he wishes to be. Those identities reveal the real inside of a person. People will fee safe and comfortable to chat on the internet. They use nicknames with li mited information revealed. The information doesnt have to be true, which protects people from being traced. Moreover, the communication is mostly non-face-to-face. Therefore, people may be more willing to share their real feelings and thoughts on the internet than in real world.However, the opposed side argues that people who get addicted to the internet may lose their identities in the reality and fail to bear his responsibilities. They suggest that people turn to the internet to avoid things in the real world. On the internet, all things, including identity information, thoughts and feelings may be false, which will easily confuse people. The exposure to different kinds of information and identities will not help people clear up their minds. It is more likely to pull people away from the real world along with their responsibilities.Combination of Identities in the reality and on the internetBased on the discussions between the supportive and opposed sides, I suggest that the comb ination of identities in the reality and on the internet may be a useful way to help solve the identity crisis. People base on the reality to face the life, bear the responsibilities and solve problems. Therefore, the identity in the reality should be the basic and should be stable. It defines a persons position in a society. However, its understandable that people want to keep personal secrets and hide characteristics and feelings. The internet will be a good way for them to relieve the squelch from reality and try to be another part of themselves. Therefore, the combination of the identities in the reality and on the internet may complete a persons identities and is good for human experiences. However, one important premise for this is that the internet should be under more control to provide a safer internet environment.To fully solve the problem of identity crisis, more in-depth studies of identities on the Internet, and investigation of the positive and negative effects of the ir influences on individual identity perceptions, should be conducted. We believe that these findings may shed some light on tackling the problem of identity crisis in the near future.NotesRak, Julie. THE DIGITAL QUEER WEBLOGS AND INTERNET IDENTITY. Biography An Interdisciplinary Quarterly 28.1 (2005) 166-182. Academic Source Complete. EBSCO. Web. 28 Nov. 2010.Rimskii, Vladimir. The curve of the Internet on Active Social Involvement and the Formation and Development of Identities .Russian Education HYPERLINK javascript__doLinkPostBack(,mdbs8hjdbs8hjnhssJN Russian Education familiaritysljh,)HYPERLINK javascript__doLinkPostBack(,mdbs8hjdbs8hjnhssJN Russian Education Societysljh,) Society Aug2010, Vol. 52 Issue 8, p11-33, 23p, 2 Charts

Graduation Speech: Dont Let Them Crush Your Dreams :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Twelve years ago we started a journey. Today marks the destruction of that journey, and the beginning of another. For some, the road getting here was smooth. For others, the road was rough. But today, we leave all of those rough times behind us. We all set a goal, and direct we have all achieved it. We have succeeded. Those of us who have made it here tonight have passed an immensely crucial milestone in our lives. From this point on our lives are entirely up to us. We have the power to become whatever we want, and to do anything we want to. Remember that every day, every hour, and every second which passes is what you fool of it. From our last four years at Stanwood High, we have learned some sensible lessons. The first of which is that for every action we take, there depart be consequences, vertical and bad. The discipline we encountered from the hands of the administrators was often swift and resolute. Secondly, we have all had friendships which werent cemented in stone. In t he future, dont be fooled by pretend friends as they tend to take returns of you. In the famous words of our high school principal, Mr. Smith, Dont bring drugs or alcohol to Stanwood High School. Drugs and alcohol go forth only get you in trouble. In the days ahead, we will encounter obstacles which must be hurdled. Do not succumb to these roadblocks and do not be fooled by detours. Remember, if something sounds too good to be true, it probably is. Always remember that if you make a decision by yourself, you are solely responsible for the outcome. And one last word of wisdom, people will always try to stand in the way of your dreams. Whether its your cruel boss, or a jealous person, you must learn to get past them, or else they will always try to bring you down.

The Effectiveness of A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Essay example

The Effectiveness of A Modest proposition by Jonathan SwiftA Modest Proposal for preventing the children of poor people inIreland from being a burden to their p arents or country, and formaking them beneficial to the public - Jonathan Swift 1729.In reading this you will discover the answer to the above question inlead parts How effective is it as an argument How effective is it as a piece of information How effective is it as satireA Modest Proposal first appeared in public in 1729, Swift wrote thisarticle after all of his previous suggestions had been rejected by theIrish authorities. Swift felt the side government hadpsychologically exiled him and this greatly added to the rage he feltover the way the Irish People were treated or rather mistreated by theEnglish. Although Swifts highest and most prominent concerns were forhis own class, the Anglo-Irish, he in the end spoke for the nation asa whole.Swift defined satire asA categorisation of glass wherein the holders do generally di scover everybodysface that their own, which is the chief reason for that kind ofreception it meets in the world, and that so very few are offendedwith it.Swift presents his Proposal as an entirely reasonable suggestion toaid the Irish, he enumerates the many benefits, counters theobjections many may have, uses rhetoric reasoning and proves his secular humanism views.Swift has written in considerable expound over the degree of poverty inIreland, he draws fear to the causes of it obliquely and provesin great detail that his Proposal will work and in which shipway itdoes work.Ireland was a colony of England it was economically, politically andmilitarily dependent on ... ...tireSwift has successfully drawn attention to the extremely dire economicstate of Ireland and the incompetence of the British government tosolve or even begin to contemplate, in Swifts mind, these problems.This Proposal should be viewed as a fictional work, designed toentertain the upper-class whilst enlightenin g them upon the conditionsof poverty in their own country.This Proposal could be viewed as an attempt to change the ways inwhich both England and Ireland viewed the state of Ireland, which wasin a lethargic state. It is masterful in its own nature, the way inwhich Swift has challenged the prospect of changing lives and supportconditions, while entertaining the audience at the same time.The true irony in A Modest Proposal lies not in analysing the minutedetails, but rather in the context of the Proposal as it is written.