The Hidden Treasure of Analytical Essay Writing Services

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Proposal for a New System - 987 Words

NEW SYSTEM My Proposal for a New System Laura L. Koskimaki Luvenia (Lisa) Gordon University of Phoenix Whenever some one thinks of health care, they think of illness, bills, and insurance. Most people do not like going to a doctors’ office or to a hospital because of these three things. An illness can be a scary thought to one who may be carrying the illness. No one wants to find out an illness that may have been found especially if it includes surgery or even death because their life could be ruined in the matter of seconds whether it is a lifetime of surgeries or no life at all. Even bills and insurance sounds scary considering that out economy is in a recession. Not many people have health insurance because they cannot†¦show more content†¦Those patients who have minor illnesses such as the flu or a bladder infection should be seen at clinics with physicians who are certified to those treatments. Doing so could cut down the hospitals and clinics population. Another part of this proposal includes healthcare classes that are mandatory after seeing a physician. For each patient that sees a physician will be appointed some classes that are nearest to them, so the patient can learn the importance of their health. This will include demonstration of what could happen to patients that do not exercise, eat healthy, or to patients that smoke or abuse alcohol and drugs. These demonstrations will be shown as videos of surgery and as well, as hands on demonstrations. Demonstrating hands on will allow the patient to be connected to the activity in a more meaningful matter. Hands on demonstrations could help the patient to change the way they take care of their health and want to be a healthier person. As I said from the beginning, the patients want to feel as though they are important to our system and that they will be taken care of in the matter that they should be taken care of. Greeting the patient and even joking could help loosen the tension t hat the patient has from being at a hospital or a clinic. This proposal will do well in many different ways. The proposal will help to expand and control the population that it may accrue, as well as help patients realize how important theirShow MoreRelatedProposal for New Healthcare System1079 Words   |  5 PagesProposal for New Health System The health care system in the United States is in need of major reform. Even with major technological advances, the amount of citizens unable to acquire proper care is immense. â€Å"Between 2005 and 2006, the number of U.S.-born residents who were uninsured increased from 33 million to 34.4 million, and their uninsured rate increased from 12.8 percent in 2005 to 13.2 percent. The numbers of foreign-born who were uninsured rose from 11.8 million in 2005 to 12.6 millionRead MoreRiordan Manufacturing: New System Proposal Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ New System Proposal Art Scott IT/205 December 14, 2014 Jennifer Gunter New System Proposal Riordan Manufacturing is a global plastics manufacturer employing 550 people with projected annual earnings of $46 million. The company is wholly owned by Riordan Industries, a Fortune 1000 enterprise with revenues in excess of $1 billion. Its products include plastic beverage containers produced at its plant in Albany, Georgia, custom plastic parts produced at its plant in Pontiac, Michigan, andRead MoreNew System Proposal Presentation Essay2252 Words   |  10 PagesCRM is an acronym for customer relationship management, and the software products are designed to improving customer satisfaction. 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With an effective training system, it will increase employee morale, whichRead MoreEfficiency and Collaboration Proposal for New Information System553 Words   |  2 PagesEfficiency and Collaboration Proposal for New Information System Executive Summary The greater the information and knowledge-sharing that occurs throughout an enterprise, the greater the accuracy, consistency and velocity of strategy execution and performance. Transforming a business beyond transactions so the insight, intelligence and knowledge gained about customers and processes can make it more effective is the intent of this proposal. For Party Plates, the migration away from personal productivityRead MoreBenefits Of A New Plant1244 Words   |  5 Pages Proposal one suggests that the company buys one hundred new refrigerated trucks, half in 2001 and the other half in 2002. The company could then sell 60 old trucks over the course of two years for a total of EUR4.05 million. The trucks would be more fuel- efficient and less maintenance. This proposal would make deliveries more frequent, make scheduling more flexible, and support further expansion in the future. Proposal two suggests that a new plant be built that would take the burdenRead MoreProposal : A Proposal For Proposal1064 Words   |  5 Pagesrequest for proposal is a contract between two partners, or companies that one side offers the proposal while the other side will help to take care and mange that proposal to make it more successfully. This agreement is considered as a type of document which investors announce that funding is available for a particular project. Companies or investors have money, however the project is over their control because it requires a long and complex process. Therefore, a request for proposal is a need toRead MoreRequest For Proposal Rfp ( Rfp )1271 Words   |  6 PagesREQUEST FOR PROPOSAL (RFP) WIRELESS COMP COMPANY REAPER MACHINES 2335 LENOX ST. CHARLOTTE, NC, 28056 8/11/2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND 2 2. PROPOSAL GUIDELINES 2 3. PROJECT PURPOSE AND DESCRIPTION 3 4. PROJECT SCOPE 3 5. PROPOSAL AND PROJECT TIMELINE 4 6. BUDGET 5 7. PROPOSAL EVALUATION CRITERIA 6 1. SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND Death Comm is currently accepting proposals to develop, design, launch, and host a new Wireless Network within their building. TheRead MoreBis 220 Introduction to Computer Applications and Systems /Complete Class1089 Words   |  5 PagesBIS 220 Introduction To Computer Applications and Systems /Complete Class Click Link below To Purchase: http://homework-aid.com/BIS-220-Complete-Class-256.htm BIS 220 Week 1 Individual Information Technology Acts Paper Select two of the following acts to research: †¢ Do Not Call Implementation Act, 2003 †¢ Controlling the Assault of Non-solicited Pornography and Marketing (CAN-SPAM) Act, 2003 †¢ Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA), 2002 †¢ Uniting and Strengthening AmericaRead MoreHow to Evaluate an Rfp of Adt System Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pagesfive-member team responsible for selecting the new admission/discharge/transfer (ADT)/MPI for your facility. You are replacing an existing MPI that no longer meets the needs of your organization. Even more important, in 18 months the MPI will no longer be supported by your vendor. The functional requirements and the request for proposal have been developed. The RFP is due back from the vendors in 1 week. Your facility wants to make the decision about which system to choose within 3 months. Your assignment

Media Governance & Public Sphere

Question: Discuss about the Media Governance Public Sphere. Answer: Introduction Media governance is an important part of regulatory design, directly and indirectly shaping the regulatory mix in the media industry (Hernandez, Janet, Daniel Leza 2010).This document highlights the challenges facing the media industry from media piracy, government intervention on control of media, media sovereignty and media literacy. This challenges can be tackled by the enactment of this rules and regulations governing the media industry, especially in coming up with regulations to govern media operation. Unlike before, media industry has been in operation with a clear guide and regulatory environment. Media impacts positively and negatives on the society based on its operations of passing information to the public. Information is getting more accessible to consumers, through various platforms. According to Bach, David (2004, 133) media industry helps to improve talent and skills of individuals as an art; hence the need to regulate it. The document focuses on various issues relati ng to media governance and how it has impacted on the public through creativity and increased productivity. The policy will enact regulations to control issues like piracy by restricting purchase of the pirated media items, media literacy to be enhanced in the industry and detailed conveyance of media to the media stakeholders. The policy will be tackled by penalties on those not adhering to also the media practitioners need to educated on the importance of the policy to the public and media stakeholders. Thesis Statement The policy based on the regulatory and governance of media does not address most the challenges that the media fraternity face in conducting their businesses. The policy should help address the following issues; governmentality, media literacy, cyber sovereignty and media divide. Governmentality which is control of media industry will help implement the policy on fighting music piracy which has affected the growth of creative industry by bringing unfair competition. Based on media literacy which recognizes that digital media enhances social surveillance by enhancing print, film, advertising, visual and arts literacy. Media education and community empowerment needs to be addressed to enhance easy disassembly and reassembly of digital technology in the media industry. The policy will help media industry to be able to access high speed broad band and digitize its products and services for easy convergence of media. Cyber sovereignty which involves national sovereignty extended to cybers pace and governs what can be accessed online, who and how it can be accessed. Cyber sovereignty will help tackle the issue of music piracy, convergence and regulation of multi-screen since it will restrict the media content to be viewed by the public. In most cases internet exemplifies freedom and democracy by in this case cyber sovereignty will help address issues of music piracy and regulation of mult- screen TV. On the issue of media divide media content should be regulated based on classification obligation, restrict access obligation and prohibited content obligation. The policy will be critiqued based on the contribution of it curb music piracy and unfair competition which inhibits growth of creative industries. (William 2017). The paper is directed to media fraternity involved in media services, consumers of the media,, producers and the government and business people in the media industry and finally to the global market on the importance of regulatory scheme in the industry. A policy needs to be instituted to be able to curb the issue of music piracy to help in media convergence, disassembly and reassembly by coming up with rules and regulations in digital technology. The policy to be implemented involves businesses in the production of music and other media services like video. Also people connected to TV need to adhere to the regulations by acquiring licenses including copyrights and audio visual software. It is important to critique this policy because it is of great importance to the media industry. In order for the media industry to be a success then the policy on the media rules and regulations should be adhered to by all the parties involved in the industry ( Bhattacharjee, Sudip, Ram D. Gopal 2003). Policy Summary Since there is unfair competition in the media, decline in creative industries, challenges of connected TV, unlicensed services brought about by lack of proper media governance in the media fields hence the need for the policy to be set up and adhered to. One of the issues to be addressed is the introduction of the conveyance review panel which oversees the market and regulations of the industry, challenges of connected TV, disassembly and assembly of digital technology, competition issue and also the challenges consumers and the society face relating to the piracy of the media. There is the need for formulation and implementation of the policy to regulate the media. According to Belleflamme, Paul, and Pierre M. Picard (2207,351-362) the world has become global with the introduction of internet where most people are able to access the internet and hence access any given information. The regulatory policy need to implemented since the world has gone global and hence the need for industry to easily access information. The government through the political environment has helped in coming up with regulations that help curb the challenges faced and to help shape the industry in curbing challenges in the digitalized market. The policy will involve coming up with media rules and regulation like licenses and copyrights which becomes an issue during digitization. There are different emerging issues leading to the formulation and implementation of the policy in the industry. (Carter, T. Barton, Marc A. Franklin 2008). Explanation and Evaluation and Critique of Policy The policy will ensure that every media involving music, videos and software are able to be run well. The artists and stakeholders of media should ensure the policy is adhered to for regulatory and protection of talent in the industry. There is need for the policy in the industry because of the increase in competition in the industry. Media conveyance has changed process of accessing audio visual content by consumers .There is need to ensure that there is proper caution before broadcasting any media content; also with the increase in number of conveyance it leads to lowering of the barriers to entry and making the industry more competitive. There is need to curb the unfair competition by formulating and implementing the regulation policy in the media industry to enhance success of music and bring a safe legal environment. Media policy enhances the development of creative industry and artists growth through investments. The policy also helps in the disassembly and reassembly on digital technology and creative industry. Effects of digitalization are changing with the increase in ways of connecting people worldwide through creative industry and digital environment. It is through the enactment of this policy that the creative industry will grow. The different departments that will grow involves; architecture, fashion, film and video, design, software, radio, music and computer games. The different individual talents are unique and help in job creation by safeguarding them through formulation of policies like intellectual property. It is also through the policy that the supporting creative industries will help to bring innovation to the society through the technology media. Media policy also enhances social inclusion and creation of opportunities to drive growth in the industry for the citizens of the country. The policy will also help in content financing, improvement of technology standards and coming up with solutions to address the convergence of media. The regulatory scheme and policies are introduced to explore ideas on content classification in the industry. Critique Tackling music Piracy The policy on piracy is of great importance to the users of the media as it helps to come up with rules and regulatory environment in which the users can rely on as regulatory design. The general public is protected from the unlicensed services in the industry. The policy will help prevent unfair competition by developing creative industries. The piracy policy will be of great help in safeguarding the talents of the artists involved in production of music in the media industry. Also the policy will help build up innovativeness, creation of new ideas by taking advantage of the new opportunities that arises while the parties are protected using the policy. This will prevent the exploitation of talent among the media users. The application of the policy will help reduce the challenges faced by the users of media by making production process smooth leading to investments by artists (Hernandez, Janet, Daniel Leza, and Kari Ballot-Lena 2010). On the other hand enacting of the policy can be disadvantageous to the public sphere. According to Napoli, Philip M (2001) there is individuals who survive on the piracy of music. There has been an increase in the level of unemployment in developing countries and most of the youths find it easy to sell the pirated software, music and videos to earn a living. If the policy on piracy is enacted it will lead to many of the citizens not having a source of income. There is an alternative option instead of using the piracy policy which allows the consumers to download the product under a pay-what-you-want online strategy. This strategy is much effective in increasing the profitability of the media stakeholders as it does not affect the intellectual property rights. The live performance and the positive voluntary contributions can also be a way to avoid using the piracy policy. It is important to come up with an elaborate policy that will be able to prevent any piracy from taking place in the industry since commercial piracy can easily be detected whereas the End-user piracy is very difficult to detect. An elaborate strategy needs to be implemented to be able to combat piracy in the media industry. The policy needs to address both the demand and supply sides of the piracy. Digital piracy is a big threat to the music industry and licensed music sector as a whole and also investment artists. There are different strategies that will implement the policy on piracy through consumer education on copyright as well as the value of music. It is vital for the parties involved with the digital economy to maintain responsibility to curb music piracy. The music piracy destroys the creative industries. In this case if anyone needs any type of software or online product, there will be the proper download option by paying the money. Then the site will be free from piracy. The supply chain process can be used to reduce the use of pirated software and eliminate the exploitation of the talents of the artists. The corporate and the government have done little to prevent music piracy that often exploits the artists talents. Another way of reducing or eliminating piracy without using the policy is by media literacy. Media literacy entails the individual informing themselves on issues pertaining to media like piracy. It also involves individuals making technological choices and being responsible in creating their own opportunities. The importance of media literacy is that it will help the individual embrace the company and help in self-regulation (Smith, Michael D, and Rahul Telang 2009, 321). Disassembly and Reassembly on Digital Technology and Creative Industries Media policy on implementation of rules and regulations helps in the reassembly and disassembly helps in media convergence in the digitization of media content through high speed broadband connectivity. The regulations help in improvement of digital technology and enhance knowledge and bring innovation to advanced society. Challenges of Connected TV. The media policies and regulations on connected TV addresses the challenges that face connected TV. The policies will address the level of technological standards which promotes the convergence of media. There is lack of common standards and levels of infrastructural development across the countries using media. The regulations will provide a guide to the curb the different challenges of connected TV. The standards will instill discipline in the media industry by providing protection of the activities of the media. Competition Issues Rules and regulations guiding the media will help solve competition issues in the industry. Individuals will be able to access audio visual content.The regulation imposed on media before broadcasting will prevent irrelevant content from being displayed.There is need for a competition law that guides every media industry.this will lower the number of convergence lowering barriers to entry leading to competition in the industry. Convergence and Regulation of multi-Screen Television There is need to regulate the multi-screen television by allowing display of specific content leading to creation of new ideas and regulation of different contents to secure information and help in market development. Mutual equity , Relativism and Attitudes of Individual in using Digital Piracy. The rules and regulations impact both positively and negatively on the society using the media services. The society should be involved in the strategies to combat piracy and embrace to the regulation policy since relativism affects purchase of the pirated materials. a substitute method need to be addressed in implementing the policies like that of piracy one can come up with media literacy programs and change the supply channel process of the media materials. Conclusion It is important for the government not to regulate the content but to promote media literacy via public pedagogy and raising awareness on using media safely and effectively. It is also important to enact policies that will not impact directly on the users of the media. Such policies involve the enactment of market policies and cultural policies. Digital literacy help to an individual have confidence, knowledge and understanding needed to participate in a safe, secure and informed manner in a digital environment hence media literacy is preferred Media industry needs to have a regulatory policy the will safeguard the interests of all the stakeholders in the industry. The policy on digital piracy is important because it helps to protect the creative industry in the music and film industry preventing the exploitation of talent. Piracy regulation needs not only to be applied to music but also to audio visual software available in the internet. The government should also take part in the formulation of the policy and to ensure there is adherence to the policies to promote fairness in the media industry (Lin, Trisha TC 2013). References Bach, David. "The double punch of law and technology: Fighting music piracy or remaking copyright in a digital age." Business and Politics 6, no. 2 (2004): 1-33. Belleflamme, Paul, and Pierre M. Picard. "Piracy and competition." Journal of Economics Management Strategy 16, no. 2 (2007): 351-383 Bhattacharjee, Sudip, Ram D. Gopal, and G. Lawrence Sanders. "Digital music and online sharing: software piracy 2.0?." Communications of the ACM 46, no. 7 (2003): 107-111. Bhattacharjee, Sudip, Ram D. Gopal, Kaveepan Lertwachara, and James R. Marsden. "Impact of legal threats on online music sharing activity: An analysis of music industry legal actions." The Journal of Law and Economics 49, no. 1 (2006): 91-114. Carter, T. Barton, Marc A. Franklin, and Jay B. Wright. The First Amendment and the fifth estate: Regulation of electronic mass media. Foundation Press, 2008. Chiou, Jyh-Shen, Chien-yi Huang, and Hsin-hui Lee. "The antecedents of music piracy attitudes and intentions." Journal of Business Ethics 57, no. 2 (2005): 161-174. dAstous, Alain, Francois Colbert, and Daniel Montpetit. "Music piracy on the webhow effective are anti-piracy arguments? Evidence from the theory of planned behaviour." Journal of Consumer Policy 28, no. 3 (2005): 289-310. Gu, Bin, and Vijay Mahajan. "How much anti-piracy effort is too much?-A study of the global software industry." (2005). Hansen, Derek, Ben Shneiderman, and Marc A. Smith. Analyzing social media networks with NodeXL: Insights from a connected world. Morgan Kaufmann, 2010. Hernandez, Janet, Daniel Leza, and Kari Ballot-Lena. "ICT regulation in the digital economy." In International Telecommunication Union Global Symposium for Regulators. 2010. Lim, Kai H., Marcus J. OConnor, and William E. Remus. "The impact of presentation media on decision making: does multimedia improve the effectiveness of feedback?." Information Management 42, no. 2 (2005): 305-316. Lin, Trisha TC. "Convergence and regulation of multi-screen television: The Singapore experience."Telecommunications Policy37, no. 8 (2013): 673-685. Modot, A., Lambert, E. and Moullier, B.,. The Challenges of Connected TV. European Parliament, (2013). pp.32-64. Napoli, Philip M. Foundations of communications policy: Principles and process in the regulation of electronic media. Hampton Pr, 2001. Oecd.org, (2017). Competition Issues in Television and Broadcasting 2013 [online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/TV-and-broadcasting2013.pdf [Accessed 3 Mar. 2017]. Smith, Michael D., and Rahul Telang. "Competing with free: the impact of movie broadcasts on DVD sales and internet piracy 1." mis Quarterly 33, no. 2 (2009): 321-338. Vincent Mangematin, Jonathan Sapsed, Elke Schuler. Disassembly and reassembly on digital technology and creative industries. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, (2014), 83, pp.1-9. William, Hampton-Sosa.The Impact of creativity and community Facilitation on music Streaming Adoption and Digital Piracy .(2017) 69: 444-453. Zhao, Elaine Jing. "Online Entertainment| Professionalization of Amateur Production in Online Screen Entertainment in China: Hopes, Frustrations and Uncertainties." International Journal of Communication 10 (2016): 19.

Research Paper on Autism free essay sample

The International Journal of Special Education 2005, Vol 20, No. 1. OVERCOMING CHALLENGES AND IDENTIFYING A CONSENSUS ABOUT AUTISM INTERVENTION PROGRAMMING Carolyn E. Stephens University of Georgia Identifying effective interventions to help children with autism reach their potential has been a source of disagreement among professionals and parents for decades. The complexities of the challenges that face children with autism, and uncertainty about best practices, have delayed progress. This article identifies seven critical program components that address some of the challenges associated with providing effective and efficient autism intervention programs. The results for children who participate in these programs encourage belief in the ability of children with autism to respond with positive change to appropriately designed and implemented interventions. The number of children with autism entering public school systems has increased dramatically in the last 15 years (National Research Council, 2001; Yeargin-Allsopp, et al. 003). In response, schools are struggling to meet the demands for skilled personnel and effective program structures (Peeters Gillberg, 1999; Simpson, 1995). We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Autism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Professionals have disagreed about how best to identify components necessary for appropriate programs, how to implement programs that meet a broad range of children’s needs, and how to match efficient and effective services to specific characteristics of individual children (Anderson Romancqyk, 1999; Brown Bamberra, 1999; Cohen, 1999; Feinberg Vacca, 2000; Pfeiffer Nelson, 1992). This article presents a brief historical perspective on factors that have complicated implementation of effective interventions on the large scale necessary to meet the needs of school systems in the United States. It also presents seven program components that, based on the literature, may significantly improve results of any comprehensive intervention. These seven program characteristics are supported by many professionals from multiple disciplines involved in studying needs of children with autism. In this regard, the use of the word professionals includes teachers as well as others, such as speech and language pathologists, psychologists, and program administrators. Changes in autism interventions are clearly moving in a positive direction in which children are demonstrating motivation to learn in programs that can address the developmental deficits that interfere with their learning (Bryan Gast, 2000; Koegel, Koegel, McNerney, 2001). Multiple factors Influence Development of Effective Systems of Intervention The literature identifies at least four factors that have contributed to the difficulty many program administrators face in trying to provide effective and sufficient services for children with autism (Conderman Katsyannis, 1996; Feinberg Vacca, 2000). They include the following: (a) Characteristics of autism interfere with learning, (b) Programs maintain low expectations based on historically poor long-term results, (c) Funding resources are limited and intensive programs are costly, and (d) Parents and professionals have had divergent points of view about some fundamental issues. Characteristics of Autism Interfere with Learning The unique learning characteristics of those diagnosed with autism vary widely from typical learners, and contribute to the complexities of determining a single best treatment (American Psychiatric Association (APA), 1994, Campbell, Schopler, Cueva, Hallin, 1996). Atypical patterns of attending to stimuli impede children with autism from focusing on critical aspects of tasks (Koegel, Koegel, Frea, Green-Hopkins, 2003; Smith Lovaas, 1998). Atypical choices in reinforcement interfere with children’s correct responding to tasks assigned (Heflin Alberto, 2001). Social interactions that contribute to early learning experiences of typically developing children are often replaced with preferences for focusing on objects rather than people (Garfield, Peterson, Perry, 2001; Pierce Schreibman, 1995). Receptive and expressive languages develop unevenly and usually assume unique patterns, which require adaptations or specific methods of intervention to overcome (Lamers, Hall, 2003; Koegel, 1995). When learning does occur, unless children reach a level of mastery and self-motivation in using new skills, they often fail to generalize their use in natural settings (Anderson, Taras, Cannon, 1996). As a result, specific learning strategies and environments are necessary in order to maintain children’s attention to task and their motivation for school progress. Behavior differences in children with autism are resistant to change and often do not respond to common methods of discipline and reinforcement in schools. When interventions do not address the broad range of behaviors characteristic of children with autism, children remain isolated from their communities, disrupt their families’ lives, and show poor long-term outcomes (Abelson, 1999; Norton Drew, 1994; Sanders Morgan, 1997). Behaviors frequently include self-injury, aggression, property destruction, odd vocalizations, sleep disturbances, or stereotypical self-stimulation. Preoccupations with aimless and repetitive behaviors add to children’s isolation from meaningful social interactions with teachers and peers that are essential for emotional development and cognitive growth (Koegel, Koegel, Harrower, Carter, 1999).. PG 35-36 Seven Critical Program Components are Described in the Autism Literature The literature identifies significant challenges facing intervention decision makers as they develop new programs and strengthen old ones. The literature also serves as a source for empirically supported critical program components that strengthen interventions (Campbell, 2003; Dunlap, 1999; National Research Council, 2001; Pfeiffer Nelson, 1992; Rogers, 1998). The critical components address communication, social, and behavioral areas of functioning that form the triad of diagnosing criteria for autism (APA, 1994). The program components target a wide range of deficit areas in order o enable children with autism to act more independently, have real choices in natural contexts, and appropriately communicate socially and academically. The seven critical program components that represent a consensus among professionals are identified as: 1. Autism interventions that are supported by empirical evidence should begin as early as possible. 2. Parents should be teachers and decision makers in collaborative teams with professionals with autism expertise. 3. Families and professionals should individualize communication strategies using a broad range of scaffolding approaches. . Professionals should individualize instructional strategies to enable children to demonstrate regular cognitive growth. 5. Programs should provide multiple opportunities for social engagement supported by scaffolding from adults and peers. 6. Adults should teach children pivotal behaviors, including behaviors for initiating, maintaining, and generalizing skills across natural settings and motivate children to function capably in all settings. 7. Children should be given multiple opportunities to learn the social-cognitive skills related to theory of mind concepts about other people’s thinking. A diversity of theoretical approaches, empirical methods of investigation, and professional disciplines support the seven program components that form a consensus among many professionals studying autism intervention. The program components discussed below are not sufficient to change inadequate, unsuccessful programs that have weak theoretical underpinnings into successful ones. However, children with autism in programs without these seven components, are not likely to reach high levels of meaningful, life enhancing functioning. Early and Evidence-based Intervention Evidence is strong and undisputed in support of the first program component. Autism interventions that are supported by empirical evidence should begin as soon as toddlers and preschoolers can be identified (Klinger Renner, 2000; New York State Department of Health, 1999; Osterling, Dawson, Munson, 2002; Rogers, 1998, Simpson, 2001; Wolery, 2000; Woods Wetherby, 2003). With the help of reliable screening and diagnostic instruments for young children with autism developed in recent years, children can begin intervention at younger ages than was possible in the ast (Lord, Risi, Lambrecht, Cook, Leventhal, DiLavore et al. , 2000; Stone, Coonrod, and Ousley, 2000). Courchesne, Karns, David et al. , (2001) provide evidence that children with autism may be born with brain sizes within a normal range at birth but deviate from average patterns of growth in the first few years of their lives. Empirical evidence from programs representing varied intervention approaches, supports the long-te rm positive effects for children with autism when interventions begin as soon as children at risk are identified (Greenspan Wieder, 1997; 1999; Lovaas, 1987). McEachin et al. (1993) described the lasting effects for almost 50 % of the children in their intensive intervention group who began treatment when they were preschoolers. McGee, Morrier, and Daly (1999) describe the necessity of providing adequate programs for young children with autism when they can benefit most in preschool inclusion. Identifying children early and beginning intervention programs during critical first years is a major step in improving results for children with autism. PG 38-39) Pivotal Behaviors A number of behaviors that are typically difficult for children with autism to master are pivotal to intervention success (Koegel et al. 1999; Koegel, Koegel, Shoshan, McNerney, 1999). The sixth critical program component addresses pivotal skills deficits, with emphasis on improving children’s motivation, initiation, maintenance, and generalization of new skills in all natural settings (Burack, Charman, Yirmiya, Zelazo, 2001; Greenspan Wieder, 1999; Koegel et al . 001; Rogers, 1998; Strain Schwartz, 2001; Symon 2001; Wolery, 2000). Koegel et al. (1999) trained adults who regularly interacted with six young children with autism to teach children a series of self-initiation skills designed to promote interactions in their daily lives. The results indicated that three of the six children in the study had good pragmatics on postintervention measures while three had poor pragmatic use of language. The three children with good outcomes had ignificantly higher levels of self-initiations at intake than the children with poor outcomes. Researchers concluded that self-initiations may represent a pivotal skill that should be taught to children with autism who do not initiate social interactions when they enter intervention programs. Milieu intervention strategies are commonly used to teach pivotal skills to children with autism who have difficulty generalizing learning to novel settings. In milieu interventions, children learn in the context of the d aily settings where skills are needed. Yoder and colleagues conducted a number of studies to measure effects of prelinquistic milieu teaching on communication of young children with developmental delays (Yoder, Kaiser, Goldstein et al. , 1995; Yoder Warren, 1998). In the recent study by Yoder and Warren (2002), 39 children less than 24 months old with developmental delays of unknown etiologies were randomly assigned with their primary caregivers to two comparison groups. Children who participated with parents trained in prelinguistic milieu teaching increased the frequency of initiating comments, requesting, and lexical density. Preschool programs specifically designed for inclusion of children with autism provide further evidence for effectiveness of milieu intervention strategies. In the Walden Toddler Program, children are provided with multiple repetitions of learning trials by careful structuring of daily activities and objects to teach children to respond appropriately to naturally occurring stimuli (McGee et al. , 1999). For children with autism, learning pivotal skills during naturally occurring interactions, helps children gain mastery and better generalize learning to natural settings. Theory of Mind The final critical program component for autism intervention is that children with autism should participate in social interactions that help them learn social-cognitive skills related to concepts about others’ minds (Burack et al. 2001; Greenspan, 2001; Klinger Renner, 2000). The theory of mind hypothesis identifies a failure in children with autism to understand that other persons do not share the same relationship to, or thoughts about, objects and events in their environment (Garfield, et al. 2001). This deficit, in theory, significantly influences children’s social and cognitive functioning. There is sufficient empirical evidence in the literature to include theory of mind as an important program goal, especially for older children with autism (Frith Happe, 1999; Skuse, 2003; Tager-Flusberg, 1992; Tomasello, 1995). Some studies provide evidence that children with autism may understand precursor behaviors that may facilitate learning the more complex aspects of theory of mind thinking. Carpenter, Pennington, and Rogers (2001) tested the responses of preschoolers with autism to others’ unfulfilled intentions. The authors found that children with autism were not significantly different from a control group of children in understanding of others’ intentions. They concluded that deficits in understanding intentions might not be as severe as deficits in completing traditional theory of mind tests for children with autism. Nadel, Croue, Mattlinger, Canet, Hudelot, LeCuyer, and Martini (2002) conducted a study to measure whether low functioning children with autism would form social expectancies for an adult interacting with them during still face paradigm conditions. The authors found that children moved closer to the adult and touched the adult more frequently after the conditions in which the adult first remained still before repeatedly imitating the child. The authors interpreted children’s increases in social behaviors as evidence that children could integrate previous social experiences with a current situation to form a social expectancy for an interactive partner. Charlop-Christy and Daneshvar (2003) showed three boys with autism video models for perspective-taking tasks. The children with autism improved understanding about another person’s mental states after watching the videotape on perspective taking. In these studies, children with autism showed potential for understanding some aspects about others’ thinking. Researchers interpreted children’s behaviors as distinguishing others’ thoughts from their own. To fully understand the theory of mind concepts, however, children with autism are likely to need specific adult scaffolding and multiple opportunities before they gain the higher levels of social-cognitive functioning. (PG 41-43) http://www. internationalsped. com/documents/stephens%20(3)1. doc